You can think of each of these options as the Trifecta of Thai Retirement Visas. Please see the full breakdown of each of these options below:
1) Non-Immigrant 'O' Retirement Visa:
Starts with a 90-Day Visa Validity Period (this can be issued inside or outside of Thailand) entry, then converted to a 1-year extension (this can only be done inside of Thailand).
Pros:
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Health insurance not required
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No mandatory background check
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Suitable for those already in Thailand or entering on a 30-day visa exemption
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Flexible entry path before converting to longer-term status
Cons:
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Only 90 days upfront, must be extended in-country
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Requires opening a Thai bank account before 1-year extension
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More steps and paperwork after arrival
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Not ideal for those wanting a full visa secured before travel
2) Non-Immigrant 'OA' Retirement Visa:
Issued outside Thailand. Provides a 1-year visa upfront, ideal for retirees applying from their home country.
Pros:
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1-year visa issued before arrival
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No need to extend immediately upon entry
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Financial proof can be shown in any bank account (not just Thai banks)
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Great for retirees who want certainty and structure before moving to Thailand
Cons:
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Health insurance is mandatory, with minimum 100,000 USD (or 3M THB) of coverage
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Criminal background check required
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Can only be applied for from outside Thailand
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Requirements can vary slightly by Thai Embassy location
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Must maintain ongoing insurance compliance year to year to maintain 'OA' Visa
3) Non-Immigrant 'OX' Retirement Visa:
Very similar to the 'OA' Visa, but provides 5 years of visa validity upfront, with a second 5-year renewal available (total of 10 years). Only available to citizens of certain countries.
Pros:
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5-year visa issued upfront (extendable to 10 years total)
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Fewer renewal hassles over time due to longer initial Visa validity period
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Designed for retirees seeking a long-term, low-maintenance solution
Cons:
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Far stricter and more cumbersom financial requirements compared to 'O' or 'OA' options
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Health insurance must include inpatient coverage of at least 400,000 Thai Baht and outpatient coverage of at least 40,000 Thai Baht
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Only available to select nationalities (see list of qualified nationalities above)